Published on Feb 08, 2025 6 min read

Understanding Dementia Behaviors and How to Manage Them?

Dementia is an unexplained and difficult phenomenon that occurs to millions of people all over the world and causes various problems for people and their close ones. Still challenging is the fluctuations of behaviors that cognitive and emotional changes bring in people’s lives. These may be aggressive behaviors such as arguing, confusion, repetition or other behaviors such as aggression are as a result of frustration or inability to express one’s self. To be able to care for a patient and to appropriately respond to those patients’ needs, it is imperative to learn the meanings and origins of these specific behaviors.

Common Dementia Behaviors:

Dementia often results in different behaviours depending on the phase of the condition. Understanding these behaviors helps the caregivers to be about the patient with dementia and probably handle most of the difficult situations that may arise with ease. Below are some of the most frequently observed behaviors associated with dementia:

1. Aggression and Agitation

People with dementia may exhibit verbal or physical aggression, which can emerge suddenly or build up over time. These episodes are often fueled by frustration, confusion, or discomfort, such as pain, hunger, or difficulty communicating their needs. Environmental factors, like overstimulation or sudden changes, can also trigger this behavior.

2. Wandering

Wandering is a common and potentially dangerous behavior for individuals with dementia. It often stems from disorientation, boredom, or a desire to find something familiar, such as a specific place or loved one. In some cases, wandering may reflect unmet needs, like looking for a bathroom or seeking relief from hunger.

3. Repetition

Repetitive behaviors, including repeating words, questions, or actions, are frequently observed in dementia. These actions are often caused by short-term memory loss, anxiety, or a need for reassurance. Caregivers may notice individuals repeatedly asking the same question or performing the same task, which can serve as a way for them to regain a sense of control or familiarity in an otherwise confusing world.

4. Sleep Disturbances

Changes in sleep patterns are another hallmark of dementia. Individuals may struggle to fall asleep, remain awake through the night, or experience restlessness in the evening, a phenomenon often referred to as "sundowning." These disruptions are typically linked to changes in brain function, reduced physical activity, or shifts in circadian rhythms.

5. Hallucinations and Delusions

Hallucinations and delusions can be particularly distressing symptoms for those with dementia. Hallucinations involve perceiving things that aren’t real, such as seeing or hearing things that don’t exist.

Causes Behind Dementia-Related Behaviors:

• Changes in the Brain- As dementia progresses, it triggers structural and chemical alterations in the brain. These changes profoundly impact behavior and impair communication skills.
• Unmet Needs- Dementia often hinders an individual’s ability to express basic needs, such as hunger, thirst, or pain. This inability can lead to noticeable shifts in behavior.
• Environmental Triggers- Noise, overstimulation, or unfamiliar environments can overwhelm someone with dementia, resulting in agitation, confusion, or distress.
• Communication Barriers- Challenges in understanding or expressing language can create frustration, which may manifest as repetitive actions or even aggressive behavior.

Strategies for Caregivers:

1. Stay Calm and Patient

When challenging behaviors arise, maintaining a calm demeanor is key. Use a gentle tone and reassuring body language to help ease tension and create a sense of safety.

2. Identify Behavioral Triggers

Pay close attention to patterns that may reveal triggers behind specific behaviors. For instance, wandering might occur at a particular time of day, while aggression could stem from frustration with a specific task.

3. Simplify Communication

Communicate clearly and concisely using simple sentences. Maintain eye contact to foster connection, and avoid arguing or contradicting, as this may intensify confusion or frustration.

4. Establish a Routine

A consistent daily routine can provide structure and reduce disorientation. Familiar activities and surroundings help create a sense of comfort and security.

5. Ensure a Safe Environment

To minimize risks, secure doors to prevent wandering and ensure individuals wear identification tags. Remove hazards such as loose rugs or sharp objects to protect against accidents.

6. Redirect Attention

If the individual becomes fixated on a particular behavior, calmly guide their focus to another activity or topic, offering gentle encouragement and support.

7. Encourage Physical Activity

Incorporate light exercise or walking into their routine. This can help alleviate restlessness, improve mood, and enhance overall well-being.

8. Address Underlying Medical Concerns

Behavioral changes can often be linked to unaddressed medical issues like pain, infections, or medication side effects. Regular medical evaluations are essential to identify and manage these factors effectively.

Managing Specific Behaviors:

Aggression and Agitation

• Stay calm: Maintain a composed demeanor, avoiding raised voices or abrupt movements.
• Offer reassurance: Use gentle, soothing words and gestures to help ease tension.
• Identify the trigger: Observe for signs of discomfort, such as hunger, pain, or other unmet needs.

Wandering

• Ensure supervision: Keep someone nearby to monitor and ensure safety.
• Engage meaningfully: Introduce activities that capture their interest and reduce boredom.
• Consider tracking devices: These tools can help locate the individual if they venture outside.

Repetition

• Respond with patience: Address repeated questions with kindness, no matter how often they are asked.
• Redirect attention: Shift the focus to a different topic or task to break the repetition cycle.

Sleep Disturbances

• Establish a routine: Maintain consistent times for waking, meals, and bedtime to regulate sleep patterns.
• Limit stimulants and naps: Reduce caffeine intake and avoid excessive daytime sleeping.
• Create a calming atmosphere: Dim the lights, reduce noise, and encourage relaxation before bedtime.

Hallucinations and Delusions

• Acknowledge emotions: Validate the person’s feelings without reinforcing false beliefs.
• Provide comfort: Use calming words and reassuring actions to alleviate their fears.
• Reduce triggers: Address environmental factors, such as poor lighting or reflective surfaces, that may contribute to these experiences.

Support for Caregivers:

Caring for a loved one with dementia can be both emotionally and physically exhausting. To provide the best possible care while maintaining your own well-being, consider these essential tips:

• Educate Yourself- Gain a thorough understanding of dementia and its progression. Knowing what to expect at each stage can help you anticipate challenges and respond effectively.
• Join a Support Group- Connecting with other caregivers can be invaluable. Support groups offer a safe space to share experiences, gain practical advice, and find emotional encouragement.
• Prioritize Self-Care- Taking breaks is crucial. Respite care services can provide temporary relief, allowing you to rest and recharge so you can continue providing quality care.

Conclusion:

Understanding the behaviors associated with dementia and their root causes is a crucial first step in managing them. With patience, compassion, and customized approaches, caregivers can foster a supportive and nurturing environment that promotes the well-being of individuals living with dementia. Though the journey can be challenging, building a reliable support network and seeking help when needed can make all the difference in navigating this complex condition.